Summary

Amnesty International and Forensic Architecture (FA) were denied entry into the Gaza strip, and as such our investigation into the bombardment of Rafah relied on thousands of images and videos shared online, or sent directly to FA, by citizens and journalists. Through a process of locating cameras and incidents within a digital model, and subsequent analysis of satellite and ground-level images, smoke clouds, shadows and impact craters, we mapped hundreds of air-to-surface and artillery strikes that hit the city of Rafah on 1 August. -FA